Automated License Plate Reader systems, commonly known as ALPRs, have changed the equation. These high-speed camera networks, often manufactured and operated by private companies like Flock Safety, sit mounted on street poles, traffic signals, and utility infrastructure, silently photographing every vehicle that passes. The cameras do not distinguish between suspects and commuters.

No appellate court in the Commonwealth has squarely addressed the warrant requirements, authentication standards, or spoliation implications specific to IoT evidence.